SHARE
An Electronic Magazine by Omar Villarreal and Marina
Kirac (c)
Year
2
Number 40
October 28th
2000
Thousands
of candles can be lighted from a single candle, and the life of the candle will
not be shortened. Happiness never decreases by being
SHARED.
________________________________________________________
Dear SHARERS,
Today October 28th we are one year old.
How difficult it is to find the right words to
tell you what this means to us.
We started this publication one year ago with a list of 64
people in what was meant to be a means of communication among a group of
friends .Today we are around 4,200 teachers, translators, students... and simply
and most importantly friends in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay,
Chile, Mexico, Spain, the United States, England and
France.
In this time of celebration, we would like to
pay tribute to a very dear friend
Elida Messina ( the first SHARE e-mail was sent to
her) who encouraged us with her messages and her example of how to SHARE
during the early days of
our publication.
You very often write "Thank you" messages to us. Let us celebrate our first birthday saying THANK YOU to all
of you, our dear SHARERS.
In SHARE 39
1.- Learning Strategies, Attitude and
Motivation.
2.-
The Buenos Aires Players Drama Festival.
3.- A
Beautiful Story.
4.- Omar in La
Rioja.
5.-
The Family Dictionary.
6.-
"Education for a Change" Seminars.
7.-
Making a Difference.
8.- An Invitation from Brazil
9.- Multimedia.
10.-Coloured
?
11- News
from APIBA.
12-
Bernieh´s (Halloween) Corner.
13.-Jornadas
en la Universidad
de Rio Cuarto.
14.-Tales
from the script.
15-
Employment Offered.
16.-Ten
Questions about Men.
17- Omar in Vera, Santa
Fé.
(1) LEARNING STRATEGIES, ATTITUDE AND MOTIVATION
A
dear SHARER from Venado Tuerto, Alejandra Echeverría sends us this excerpt of an
article on "Learner Autonomy" written by Dimitrios Thanasoulas
and
published in the "ELT Newsletter" http://www.eltnewsletter.com
1.- Learning strategies
A central
research project on learning strategies is the one surveyed in
O'Malley and
Chamot (1990). According to them, learning strategies are 'the special thoughts
or behaviors that individuals use to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new
information' (O'Malley and Chamot, 1990: 1, cited in Cook, 1993: 113)-a
definition in keeping with the one provided in Wenden (1998: 18): 'Learning
strategies are mental steps or operations that learners use to learn a new
language and to regulate their efforts to do so'. To a greater or lesser degree,
the strategies and learning styles that someone adopts 'may partly reflect
personal preference rather than innate endowment' (Skehan, 1998: 237). We will
only briefly discuss some of the main learning strategies, refraining from
mentioning communication or compensatory strategies (see Cook, 1993 for more
details).
2.- Cognitive
strategies
According to O'Malley and Chamot (1990: 44), cognitive
strategies 'operate
directly on incoming information, manipulating it in ways
that enhance learning'.
Learners may use any or all of the following
cognitive strategies (see Cook, 1993:
114-115):
a)
repetition, when imitating others' speech;
b) resourcing, i.e., having
recourse to dictionaries and other materials;
c) translation, that is, using
their mother tongue as a basis for understanding
and / or producing the
target language;
d) note-taking;
e) deduction, i.e., conscious application
of L2 rules;
f) contextualisation, when embedding a word or phrase in a
meaningful sequence;
g) transfer, that is, using knowledge acquired in the L1
to remember and
understand facts and sequences in the L2;
h) inferencing,
when matching an unfamiliar word against available information
(a new word
etc);
i) question for clarification, when asking the teacher to explain, etc.
There are many more cognitive strategies in the relevant literature.
O'Malley
and Chamot (1990) recognise 16.
3.- Metacognitive strategies
According to Wenden
(1998: 34), 'metacognitive knowledge includes all facts
learners acquire
about their own cognitive processes as they are applied and used to gain
knowledge and acquire skills in varied situations'. In a sense, metacognitive
strategies are skills used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating the learning
activity; 'they are strategies about learning rather than learning strategies
themselves' (Cook, 1993: 114). Let us see some of these strategies:
a)
directed attention, when deciding in advance to concentrate on
general
aspects of a task;
b) selective attention, paying attention to
specific aspects of a task;
c) self-monitoring, i.e., checking one's
performance as one speaks;
d) self-evaluation, i.e., appraising one's
performance in relation to one's own
standards;
e) self-reinforcement,
rewarding oneself for success.
At
the planning stage, also known as pre-planning (see Wenden, 1998:
27),
learners identify their objectives and determine how they will achieve
them. Planning, however, may also go on while a task is being performed. This is
called
planning-in-action.
Here,
learners may change their objectives and reconsider the ways in which
they
will go about achieving them. At the monitoring stage, language learners act
as 'participant observers or overseers of their language learning'
(ibid.),
asking themselves, "How am I doing? Am I having difficulties with
this task?", and so on. Finally, when learners evaluate, they do so in terms of
the outcome of
their attempt to use a certain strategy. According to Wenden
(1998: 28), evaluating involves three steps:
1)
learners examine the outcome of their attempts to learn;
2) they access the
criteria they will use to judge it; and
3)
they apply it.
4.- Learner attitudes and
motivation
Language learning is not merely a cognitive task.
Learners do not only reflect
on their learning in terms of the language
input to which they are exposed,
or the optimal strategies they need in order
to achieve the goals they set.
Rather, the success of a learning activity is,
to some extent, contingent upon
learners' stance towards the world and the
learning activity in particular, their sense of self, and their desire to learn
(see Benson & Voller, 1997: 134-136). As
Candy (1991: 295-296) says, 'the
how and the what of learning are intimately
interwoven..The overall approach
a learner adopts will significantly influence the shape of his or her learning
outcomes' (my italics). In other words, language learning-as well as learning,
in general-has also an affective component. 'Meeting and interiorising the
grammar of a foreign language is not simply an intelligent, cognitive act. It is
a highly affective one too...' (Rinvolucri, 1984: 5, cited in James &
Garrett, 1991: 13). Gardner and MacIntyre (1993: 1, cited in Graham, 1997: 92)
define 'affective variables' as the 'emotionally relevant characteristics of the
individual that influence how she / he will respond to any situation'. Other
scholars, such as Shumann (1978) and Larsen-Freeman and Long (1991) attach less
importance to learners' emotions, claiming that 'social and psychological
factors' give a more suitable description for students' reactions to the
learning process. Amongst the social and affective variables at work,
self-esteem and desire to learn are deemed to be the most crucial factors 'in
the learner's ability to overcome occasional setbacks or minor mistakes in the
process of learning a second [or foreign] language' (Tarone & Yule, 1989:
139). In this light, it is necessary to shed some light on learner attitudes and
motivation.
Wenden (1998: 52) defines attitudes as 'learned motivations,
valued beliefs,
evaluations, what one believes is acceptable, or responses
oriented towards
approaching or avoiding'. For her, two kinds of attitudes
are crucial: attitudes learners hold about their role in the learning process,
and their capability as
learners (ibid.: 53). In a sense, attitudes are a
form of metacognitive knowledge. At any rate, 'learner beliefs about their role
and capability as learners will
be shaped and maintained...by other beliefs
they hold about themselves as
learners' (ibid.: 54). For example, if learners
believe that certain personality types cannot learn a foreign language and they
believe that they are that type of
person, then they will think that they are
fighting a "losing battle," as far as
learning the foreign language is
concerned. Furthermore, if learners labour under the misconception that learning
is successful only within the context of the
"traditional classroom," where
the teacher directs, instructs, and manages the learning activity, and students
must follow in the teacher's footsteps, they are likely to be impervious or
resistant to learner-centred strategies aiming at autonomy, and success is
likely to be undermined.
In a way, attitudes are 'part of one's
perception of self, of others, and of
the culture in which one is living [or
the culture of the target language]'
(Brown, 1987: 126), and it seems clear
that positive attitudes are conducive to
increased motivation, while negative
attitudes have the opposite effect. But let us
examine the role of
motivation.
Although the term 'motivation' is frequently used in educational
contexts, there
is little agreement among experts as to its exact meaning.
What most scholars
seem to agree on, though, is that motivation is 'one of
the key factors that
influence the rate and success of second / foreign
language (L2) learning.
Motivation provides the primary impetus to initiate
learning the L2 and later the
driving force to sustain the long and often
tedious learning process' (Dornyei, 1998: 117). According to Gardner and
MacIntyre (1993: 3), motivation is comprised of three components: 'desire to
achieve a goal, effort extended in this direction, and satisfaction with the
task'.
It is manifest that in language learning, people are motivated in
different
ways and to different degrees. Some learners like doing grammar and
memorising; others want to speak and role-play; others prefer reading and
writing, while avoiding speaking. Furthermore, since '[the learning of a foreign
language] involves an alteration in self-image, the adoption of new social and
cultural behaviours and ways of being, and therefore has a significant impact on
the social nature of the learner' (Williams, 1994: 77, cited in Dornyei, 1998:
122), an important distinction should be made between instrumental and
integrative motivation.
Learners with an instrumental orientation view the
foreign language as a means of
finding a good job or pursuing a lucrative
career; in other words, the target
language acts as a 'monetary incentive'
(Gardner & MacIntyre, 1993: 3). On the other hand, learners with an
integrative orientation are interested in the culture of the target language;
they want to acquaint themselves with the target community and become integral
parts of it. Of course, this approach to motivation has certain limitations (see
Cookes and Schmidt, 1991, cited in Lier, 1996: 104-105), but an in-depth
analysis is not within the purview of this study. The bottom line is that
motivation is 'a central mediator in the prediction of language
achievement'
(Gardner & MacIntyre, 1993: 3), as various studies have shown (see Kraemer,
1990; Machnick and Wolfe, 1982; et al.).
2.- THE BUENOS AIRES
PLAYERS DRAMA FESTIVAL
Our dear friend and SHARER, Celia Zubiri writes
to us :
" We, the Bs.As. Players, are very pleased to
invite teachers and coordinators who have got coupons for The 2000 Teacher´s Raffle to share with us 60 minutes
full of prizes, surprises and fun at Teatro de la Comedia, Hall 1, Rodríguez
Peña 1074, Buenos Aires on Saturday
November 18th at 11:00 a.m.
First Prize: round trip to Los Angeles
for two people by American Airlines.
Second Prize: Book Token for the School
Library and the winning teacher.
Third Prize: a meal for two people at
Rosa Negra.
Fourth Prize: Jazz and Champagne for four
people at Orient Express.
Please, confirm your attendance, bring your
coupons and... break a leg ! -011-4812-5307 / 4814-5455 . The winner of any of the prizes must be present to collect it or someone
with the corresponding authorization
3.- A BEAUTIFUL
STORY
A
dear SHARER, Mabel
Magnago from the University of Rio IV, Córdoba sends us this,as she calls
it "beautiful" story and a wish.
Thank
you, Mabel .We are sure our SHARERS will surely appreciate them the way we did :
"A woman came out of her house and saw three old men with long white
beards
sitting in her front yard. She did not recognize
them.
She said, "I don't think I know you, but you must be
hungry.
Please come in and have something to eat."
"Is the man of the house home?", they
asked.
"No", she said. "He's out."
"Then we cannot come in", they replied.
In the evening when her husband came home, she told him what had
happened.
"Go tell them I am home and invite them
in!"
The woman went out and invited the men in.
"We do not go into a House together," they
replied.
"Why is that?" she wanted to know.
One of the old men explained:
"His name is Wealth," he said pointing to one of his friends, and said
pointing to another one, "He is Success, and I am
Love."
Then he added, "Now go in and discuss with your husband which one of us
you
want in your home."
The woman went in and told her husband what was
said.
Her husband was overjoyed. "How
nice!!", he said. "Since that is the case,
let us invite Wealth. Let him come and fill our home with
wealth!"
His wife disagreed. "My dear, why don't we invite Success?" Their daughter-in-law was listening from the other corner of the
house.
She jumped in with her own suggestion: "Would it not be better to invite Love?
Our home will then be filled with love!"
Let us heed our daughter-in-law's advice, "said the husband to his
wife.
"Go out and invite Love to be our guest."
The woman went out and asked the three old
men,
"Which one of you is Love?
Please come in and be our guest" Love got up and started walking toward
the
house. The other two also got up and followed him. Surprised, the
lady
asked Wealth and Success, "I only invited Love, why are you coming
in?"
The old men replied together: "If you had invited Wealth or Success,
the
other two of us would've stayed out, but you invited Love, wherever
He
goes, we go. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and
Success"
My Wish for You ...
"Where there is pain, I wish peace and
mercy.
Where there is self-doubting, I wish renewed
confidence.
Where there is exhaustion, I wish understanding, patience, and
renewed
strength.
Where there is fear, I wish love and
courage"
4.- OMAR IN LA
RIOJA
My heart will pound faster and faster this
week. Next Friday 10th of November
I will meet my good old friends from La Rioja
after an absence of two years.
On that day I will give an academic talk from
18:00 to 21:00 on Teaching 40 in 40 minutes : Facing the
Reality of Polimodal followed by a presentation of the Series
of which I
am Co-author and Project Director POLIMODAL ENGLISH.
Previous to
my talk, Ms Susana Garcia Cahuzac will present "Explorer" the series for EGB 3
she co-authored with Ms Silvia Tiberio ( from 17:00 to 18:00)
The event is
absolutely free of charge and is sponsored by Macmillan
Heinemann
ELT.
Hope to
see you all at Hotel Plaza, San Nicolás de Bari 502 at 17:00
!!
(5) THE FAMILY
DICTIONARY
Our
dear friend from Catamarca, José Luís García sends us this invaluable
contribution to understanding within the family. Thank you Jose for your
lexicographic efforts ! How we wish you were here !!
Dumbwaiter : One who asks if the kids would care
to order dessert.
Feedback: The inevitable result when your baby doesn't
appreciate
the
strained carrots.
Full Name: What you call your child when you're mad at
him
or her .
Grandparents: The people who think your children are
wonderful
even
though they're
sure you're not raising them right.
Hearsay: What toddlers do when anyone mutters a dirty
word.
Independent : How we want our children to be as long
as they
do erything we say.
OW: The first word spoken by children with older
siblings.
Puddle: a small body of water that draws other small
bodies
wearing dry
shoes into it.
Show off: a child who is more talented than
yours.
Sterilize: what you do to your first baby's pacifier by
boiling
it and to
your last baby's pacifier by blowing on
it.
Top Bunk: where you should never put a child wearing
Superman
pajamas.
Two minute warning : when the baby's face turns red and he
or she
begins to make those
familiar grunting noises.
Whodunit : none of the kids that live in your
house.
(6) "EDUCATION FOR A CHANGE" WORKSHOPS
A dear SHARER María Soledad Sastre, English Dpt. Manager for Librería Rodriguez writes to us to announce two
Workshops by Ricardo Sampedro, Head of Education for a Change
Teacher Training Project.
Making
the most of videos and films
Thursday 2 November,
17:00 to 19:30
Songs with a Meaning
Tuesday 14 November,
17:00 to 19:30
Venue for both
sessions : Sarmiento 835, Capital Federal
Fees and registration: $ 15 for any
one session or $ 25 for both, at Libreria Rodriguez Tel 4326-3725, e-mail
librerod@ssdnet.com.ar or
Education for a Change tel 4982-2409,
educhange@infovia.com.ar
A dear SHARER from Zárate, Mónica
Mourrut de Beauverger
Dear Omar and
Marina:
A few years ago while I was living in Kansas City Missouri, USA, we
attended lots of staff development workshops. One of them was really special, as it started with
this story, I'd like to SHARE with you and all
SHARERS:
"Once upon a time, a wise man who used to go to the ocean to do his
writing,
had a habit of walking on the beach before he began his
work.
One day he was walking along the shore. As he looked down the beach,
he saw a human figure moving like a dancer. He smiled to himself to think of someone who would dance to the
day. So he began to walk faster to catch up.
As he got closer, he saw it was a young man and the young man wasn't
dancing.
Instead, he was bending down to the shore, picking up something, and very gently throwing it into the ocean.
As he got closer, he called out, "Good morning, what are you doing?"
The young man paused, looked up and replied, "Throwing starfish into the ocean."
"I guess I should have asked, Why are you throwing starfish into the
ocean?"
The young man said, "The sun is coming up and the tide is going out.
If I don't throw them in, they'll die."
"But young man, don't you realize there are miles and miles of beach and
starfish
all along it ? You can't possibly make a
difference."
The young man listened politely, then bent down and picked up another
starfish and threw it into the sea, past the breaking waves.
"I made a difference for that one," he said."
I don't know the author, but all of the people attending the workshop,
got the message. "We as teachers can make a difference, and I'm sure most of us
try our best to do so.
Love
Mónica
(8) AN INVITATION FROM BRAZIL
Our dear friend and SHARER
Joice de Brito e Cunha from Porto Alegre
invites
all SHARERS in her area to the opening night of
"School for Witches" by John
Bradwell which she directs.
Meus amigos,
Eu tenho grande orgulho em lhes anunciar e convidar para a
estréia da peça dos meus alunos do Teenage Drama Club do Cultural. SCHOOL FOR
WITCHES, no dia 31 de outubro, terça feira, no auditório Erico Verssimo do
Cultural ICBNA ( Rua Riachuelo 1257) às 20 horas. Entrada
Franca.
A peça critica a influência da Media nas nossas vidas
"We make people buy what they don't need, by making them think they do".
I hope to see you there.
Joice
(9) MULTIMEDIA